Mpempe akwụkwọ ndu na-ezo aka na mpempe akwụkwọ ejiri ụzọ igwe akpọrepu.O nwere mgbochi corrosion siri ike, acid na alkali na-eguzogide, ma bụrụkwa ihe mgbochi radieshon dị ọnụ ala na-ewu ụlọ gburugburu acid, nchebe radieshon ahụike, X-ray, nchekwa ray ụlọ CT, mmụba, mkpuchi ụda na ọtụtụ akụkụ ndị ọzọ.Lead bụ otu n'ime ọla ndị mbụ ụmụ mmadụ jiri, gbazere site na mmanụ n'oge dị ka 3000 BC.Lead na zinc na-emekọ ihe ọnụ na okike, ọkachasị na ebe nchekwa nke mbụ.Ha nwere isi mmalite ihe na-emepụta ore na omume geochemical yiri ya, nwere usoro eletrọnịkị dị n'èzí, nwee njikọ sọlfọ siri ike, na-etolitekwa otu mgbagwoju anya soluble.N'otu aka ahụ, ígwè na manganese, ụrọ ma ọ bụ ihe ndị dị ndụ na-agbakọta ha.